Developing the Cyber Resilience of Smart Cities

To achieve these outcomes, local authorities are increasingly turning to innovations across IT, Operational Technology (OT), and the Internet of Things (IoT) to create smarter, more connected, and more responsive urban environments. 

Building Resilient, Secure and Connected Communities 

As our cities become more connected, the systems and data that power them must be protected. Smart City infrastructure underpins critical public services – from transport to housing – and any disruption can have real-world consequences. 

The rapid growth of connected devices and digital systems expands the potential attack surface, leaving cities more exposed to cyber threats from state-sponsored actors, hacktivists, and cybercriminals. The UK Government and the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) have recognised this growing risk and are taking steps to strengthen resilience across public infrastructure. 

Understanding the Risks 

Key vulnerabilities within Smart City ecosystems often stem from: 

• Insecure by Design: Many OT, IoT, and legacy systems were developed without modern cybersecurity measures in mind. Weak authentication, outdated software, and unencrypted communication can make them easy targets. 
• Data Integrity: Smart cities depend on accurate, real-time data for decision-making. Compromised data can distort insights, impacting digital twins and models that guide urban planning and service delivery. 
• Complex Supply Chains: Smart cities rely on a vast network of vendors, technologies, and service providers. A single weak link within the supply chain can undermine the integrity of the entire system. 

A Framework for Cyber Resilience 

To strengthen the cyber resilience of Smart Cities, a proactive approach is essential – one that aligns to structured frameworks such as NIST, the Cyber Assessment Framework (CAF), and, in future, the Cyber Security and Resilience Bill. 

A comprehensive approach should enable cities to Anticipate, Defend, Recover, and Adapt: 

• Anticipate: Identify and assess potential threats and vulnerabilities from the outset. Embed cybersecurity into project design, conduct regular risk assessments, and use real-time monitoring to stay ahead of evolving threats. 
• Defend: Implement layered security to prevent, detect, and contain attacks. Zero Trust Network Security Architecture, network segmentation, and Network Access Control (NAC) play a critical role in protecting systems and services. 
• Recover: Establish an accessible, robust and clear recovery plan to restore operations quickly and minimise disruption. Regular data backups, testing, and well-documented procedures ensure services can return to full functionality quickly. 
• Adapt: Use insight from incidents and shared threat intelligence to evolve defences. Collaboration between cities, central government, and technology partners helps gain a broader understanding of the threat landscape and builds collective resilience. 

Looking Ahead 

Cyber resilience must be embedded into every stage of Smart City design and operation. By taking a forward-looking approach, local authorities can strengthen their defences, minimise disruption, and recover faster – ensuring that technology continues to enhance safety, sustainability, and the quality of life in our communities.